A/HRC/36/46 management and strengthened social protection frameworks to more effectively mitigate the multiple social, economic and environmental impacts on indigenous peoples. Furthermore, they have urged States to intensify the efforts to address climate change, including through carbon reduction schemes, and to take all necessary measures to mitigate the adverse consequences on the rights to food and to water of indigenous peoples. 13 28. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has addressed the adverse effects of climate change on human rights (A/HRC/10/61) and in October 2016 hosted an expert meeting which highlighted the impact climate change has on indigenous peoples. 14 The Office’s key messages on climate change and human rights, published prior to the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Paris in December 2015, emphasized the right of indigenous peoples to participate in decision-making and to benefit from the use of their knowledge, innovations and practices. 29. On 5 June 2015, World Environment Day, in a joint public statement, 27 special procedure mandate holders, including the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, urged States to make sure that human rights are at the core of climate change governance.15 30. In 2016, the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment examined States’ human rights obligations in the context of climate change and highlighted the rights of indigenous peoples (A/HRC/31/52). 31. Concerns over climate change are also increasingly being raised by States in the context of the universal periodic review process, further highlighting the growing recognition of climate change as a human rights issue. The Council has adopted several resolutions related to climate change and indigenous peoples. 16 V. Human rights and other international standards, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 32. Climate change has a negative impact on a broad range of human rights and indigenous peoples are particularly vulnerable due to the exposure of their traditional lands and territories. Human rights obligations entail State obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights and redress violations. These duties require States to take action to meet their obligations on human rights issues stemming from climate change. Human rights bodies have established that States’ human rights obligations include a duty to protect rights holders against foreseeable environmental impairment of human rights, whether or not the particular environmental harm violates human rights law and even when the harm is not directly caused by the State (A/HRC/25/53, A/HRC/31/52). States have specifically committed to international cooperation through a range of international treaties. 33. As noted by the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the international system as a whole requires that all the various international legal “subsystems”, including those governing human rights and climate change, act consistently (E/C.19/2010/7). 34. The rights of indigenous peoples pertinent to climate change are firmly established in a range of international standards that converge in various branches of international law, notably international human rights law, international environmental law and international labour law. In the preparation of the present report, the Special Rapporteur requested States 13 14 15 16 See CEDAW/C/HND/CO/7-8, CEDAW/C/VCT/CO/4-8, CRC/C/SUR/CO/3-4, CRC/C/NZL/CO/5, E/C.12/CAN/CO/6, E/C.12/FIN/CO/6 and E/C.12/AUS/CO/4. Treaty body concluding observations are available from http://uhri.ohchr.org/. See www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HRAndClimateChange/Pages/HRClimateChangeIndex.aspx. See www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16049&LangID=E. Resolutions 10/4 (2009), 18/22 (2011), 26/27 (2014), 29/15 (2015) and 32/33 (2016). 7