A/HRC/36/46 the implications of climate change on human rights in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation law and policies. 82. It is encouraging that an increasing number of countries are recognizing the importance of integrating adaptation measures into agriculture and food production, while ensuring food security and sustainability of agriculture in a manner that supports indigenous farming practices and traditional knowledge. 83. Global and national climate change interventions are gradually acknowledging the benefit of collaboration with indigenous peoples to identify and document trends in regional and local climate changes in order to understand their long-term implications and to develop effective and appropriate adaptation responses based on traditional knowledge. Recognition of the important role indigenous peoples can play not only assists in combating climate change but also helps revitalize and strengthen indigenous peoples, their knowledge and culture. VII. Climate finance and safeguards 84. Considerable investments are required in both developed and developing countries to adapt to, and mitigate effects of, climate change. However, developing and geographically vulnerable countries face by far the greatest adaptation challenges. Indigenous peoples are at particularly high risk of being pushed into extreme poverty. 85. UNEP has warned that a significant gap is likely to emerge between the resources needed to adapt to warming of 2º Celsius and the funding that will be made available through international climate funds and other finance mechanisms. The existing estimates of global adaptation costs are probably significantly underestimated, notably for the period after 2030. Most international climate finance to developing countries in the past few years has been channelled towards mitigation, rather than adaptation. 49 86. Article 9 of the Paris Agreement provides that “developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation” and that the “mobilization of climate finance should represent a progression beyond previous efforts”. It states furthermore that “such mobilization of climate finance should represent a progression beyond previous efforts” and that “the provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, taking into account country-driven strategies, and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties”. 87. In 2009, developed countries committed to a goal of mobilizing $100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries in the context of “meaningful mitigation actions”. However, pledges have remained far below the $100 billion annual target and financial commitments for loss and damage caused by the effects of climate change remain unpaid. 88. Climate finance refers to funding sourced from public and private sectors and channelled through various mechanisms and funds for climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and programmes. A key concern of developing countries is that climate finance prioritizes financial support for mitigation over adaptation measures. They prefer that climate finance be channelled through a global mechanism or fund to ensure that the allocations are more equally distributed between adaptation and mitigation. 89. While it is beyond the scope of the present report to refer to the multitude of climate finance mechanisms and funds that exist, some observations are presented on those that particularly affect indigenous peoples’ rights. 49 UNEP, Climate Change and Human Rights, p. 32. 15