A/HRC/49/44 communities to address specific needs of faith minorities during humanitarian responses.179 The Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development also encourages humanitarian actors to rethink the “neutrality” principle and to adopt responses that are both sensitive to religious inequalities and do not exacerbate discrimination and marginalization patterns of displaced religious or belief minorities.180 69. The Special Rapporteur notes that some digital technology companies have taken limited steps to address the spread of online speech that incites violence or discrimination against religious or belief groups. Search for Common Ground, in partnership with Facebook, has carried out a project to tackle such speech and misinformation in the Central African Republic.181 70. U.N. agencies have also collaboratively developed guidelines on responsible data gathering, storing and sharing, to ensure that it does not harm those in need of humanitarian assistance, including minorities.182 Yet in June 2021, UNHCR reportedly failed to uphold its own data protection safeguards in conducting full data impact assessments and receiving informed consent before it shared Rohingya refugees’ biometric data with the Bangladesh Government, which subsequently shared them with Myanmar. 183 The International Committee of the Red Cross (“ICRC”) also has data protection guidelines to safely gather information about vulnerable communities in humanitarian situations.184 Despite these wellintentioned efforts, ICRC's data servers were compromised by a cyber security attack in January 2022, potentially jeopardizing personal information of over 500,000 crisisaffected people and forcing the ICRC to temporarily halt a program that reunites families. 185 VII. Conclusions 71. In marking the 30th anniversary of the 1992 Declaration this year, it is vital to focus on the significant human rights challenges facing many religious or belief minorities during conflict and insecurity worldwide. The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned at the scale, severity and systematic nature of human rights violations against minorities, often partly based on their faith identity at least, that may amount to atrocity crimes. Conflict and insecurity undermine enjoyment of many universal human rights, including the right to freedom of religion or belief, and can also affect religious or belief minorities alongside others by virtue of living in these fragile settings, facing challenges such as indiscriminate violence, rather than necessarily because of their faith identity. When State or non-State actors have stigmatized, scapegoated and discriminated against minorities during crises, they may compound pre-existing inequalities based on religion or belief and other identifiers, such as ethnicity, race and gender. 72. Given the global lack of comprehensive and disaggregated data on the specific needs and vulnerabilities of religious or belief minorities during crises, this report maps their diverse experiences using examples from a number of affected communities. The report cautions against homogenizing their experiences and “religionizing” conflicts, which may make conflict resolution more elusive and intractable, instead encouraging contextual analysis. 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 https://www.unhcr.org/539ef28b9.pdf. e.g. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15718, https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15120/CREID_Working_Paper_ 1_Online.pdf?sequence=194&isAllowed=y http://sfcg.org/central-african-republic/. https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/202102/IASC%20Operational%20Guidance%20on%20Data%20Responsibility%20in%20Humanitarian% 20Action-%20February%202021.pdf. See also https://unsceb.org/sites/default/files/imported_files/UN-Principles-on-Personal-Data-ProtectionPrivacy-2018_0.pdf. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/15/un-shared-rohingya-data-without-informed-consent. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-data-protection-framework. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/cyber-attack-icrc-what-we-know. 19