A/HRC/23/56/Add.2 38. It was also reported that, with the economic crisis, a number of regular migrants, mainly from Morocco and Latin America, have lost their residence and work permits and have become undocumented, which affects their children’s rights. Furthermore, while it was reported that, in general, Spanish society is supportive of non-citizens, a rise in expressions of racism and intolerance against migrants in society and in the media was noted. 39. At the time of his visit, the Special Rapporteur visited a greenhouse in Almería. The conditions of many irregular migrants working in those greenhouses are shocking. They lack basic infrastructure and services including sanitation, electricity, potable water and adequate health-care services. Due to the distance and lack of transportation, their access to health services is particularly hampered. Respect for the dignity and human rights of these irregular migrants should be a high priority for the Government, while paying particular attention to the increased vulnerability of migrant women who work and live in these greenhouses and are exposed to violence, including sexual violence and de facto prostitution. A number of Moroccan women are among them, reportedly including victims of human trafficking networks. Abuses by the owners of the greenhouses, including violence and the selling of false working contracts to obtain a residence permit, were also reported. According to NGOs, the situation in Almería is illustrative of a general pattern that, for more than a decade, has affected other provinces with intense agriculture, including Cordova, Huelva and Seville. 40. The detention of undocumented migrants, including women, in Detention Centres for Foreign Nationals (Centros de Internamiento de Extrajeros or CIEs) poses a number of human rights challenges that need to be addressed. According to the above-mentioned Organic Act 4/2000, undocumented migrants are held in CIEs pending their expulsion or deportation. Detention is decided by judicial authorization for a maximum period of 60 days. Since the closure in June 2012 of the CIE in Malaga, there are currently eight CIEs in Spain. The Special Rapporteur visited the CIEs in Barcelona (Zona Franca) and Madrid (Aluche). While CIEs are subject to judicial control, they remain public establishments under the responsibility of the Central Government and are run by the National Police Force. According to the National Ombudsperson, in 2011, of the 11,456 foreign nationals held in the CIEs, 6,825 were eventually deported, which means that over 40 per cent of those confined at CIEs were not deported.2 41. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that there are no regulations governing the way in which migrant detention centres operate, as required by law, and by the negative impact of the lack of such regulations on the human rights of undocumented migrants within the CIEs. Indeed, despite legal provisions and the Government’s commitment to enact specific regulations for the management of CIEs, these have yet to be adopted. As a result, there are disparities in the management of the CIEs in the different regions, and important issues within the CIEs are subjected to the discretionary judgement of the police, including access to health care. Some reports indicate that police control measures in the management of the CIEs have been prioritized. In this regard, it is hoped that the regulations to be adopted would transfer the management of the CIEs to a civil administration and provide for the use of police competencies only for security purposes. The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned that individuals subjected to immigration removal who have committed criminal offences are detained in these centres together with undocumented migrants who are held for administrative migration offences only. Furthermore, the living conditions are reportedly of concern in some centres. Some do not meet the minimum requirements, 2 10 The Ombudsman of Spain, Annual Report 2011: Spain’s National Preventive Mechanism, p. 110, available at http://www.defensordelpueblo.es/en/Mnp/InformesAnuales/Spain_NPM_2011.pdf.