A/HRC/41/55 education and employment, will increase this resilience. The Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that such programmes be pursued in partnership with civil society organizations dealing with violent extremism. 47. Given the importance of psychological and social factors and underlying the motivation of individuals to join hate groups, and the consequences they face when leaving such groups, the Special Rapporteur recommends that Member States allocate resources in deradicalization programmes for the provision of psychosocial support for former members of neo-Nazi and hate groups to prevent relapse. 48. The Special Rapporteur urges States to partner with civil society in combating neo-Nazism. One of the most effective projects aimed at the disengagement and deradicalization of hate groups is Project EXIT, in which civil society plays an important role. Established in 1997 in Norway, this model originated as a three-year development project involving the ministries responsible for justice and for children and the family, and the directorate of immigration. A non-governmental organization hosted the project, which had three primary goals: to establish local networks to support the parents of children embedded in racist or violent groups; to enable young people to disengage from those groups; and to develop and disseminate methodological knowledge to professionals working with young people associated with violent groups. 72 Based on the Project EXIT model, several organizations, often created by former neo-Nazis or other former members of hate groups, have developed deradicalization programmes for members of hate groups in other European countries and in North America.73 Organizations implementing the EXIT model help former extremists to reintegrate into society as fully functioning individuals capable of obtaining employment and building healthy relationships within their communities. 49. The EXIT model relies mainly on education, vocational training and mentors, and encourages former extremists to form new social networks. 74 Programmes following that model use those means to interrupt violence committed in the name of ideological or religious beliefs. 75 The model covers the five stages that individuals typically go through when leaving a movement: motivation; disengagement; establishment; reflection; and stabilization.76 Based on its many years of experience, EXIT Fryshuset developed handbooks to provide guidance for relevant stakeholders, such as municipalities, schools and others engaged with young people, to combat neoNazi and related violent extremism. 77 72 73 74 75 76 77 12 Institute for Strategic Dialogue, “Project Exit – leaving violent groups” (2014). Available at www.counterextremism.org/resources/details/id/665/project-exit-leaving-violent-groups. See, for example, Tore Bjørgo, “Exit neo-Nazism: reducing recruitment and promoting disengagement from racist groups”, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, paper, p. 25, and Life After Hate (www.lifeafterhate.org/about-us-page). Submission from the American Psychological Association, p. 27. See, for example, the website of Life after Hate (www.lifeafterhate.org/about-us-page). Bjørgo, “Exit neo-Nazism”, pp. 23–24. Odén, “The way out”, p. 3.