A/HRC/20/33 analogous systems of inherited status.11 The Independent Expert on minority issues has also noted that ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by poverty in different parts of the world.12 16. There is a need to further recognize the interrelation between racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, intolerance and poverty that contributes to the denial for some individuals and groups of individuals of the enjoyment of their civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights. Indeed the structural nature of poverty reinforces structural discrimination which traps the victims into a vicious cycle of social exclusion and marginalization. The Special Rapporteur shares the view of his predecessor that in developing effective and informed policy measures, there is a strong need for ethnically and racially disaggregated data. This would enable policymakers to make an in-depth analysis of social and economic exclusion of individuals and groups of individuals facing racial discrimination. Furthermore in the design and implementation of economic and social programmes at local and national levels, it is essential that attention be paid to the disadvantaged position of excluded ethnic groups and in particular those living in poverty. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that one of the means of promoting the inclusion of excluded individuals is to ensure that such programmes are consultative, involve a diversity of actors and provide mechanisms for securing their views. C. Mainstreaming a gender perspective 17. Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance reveal themselves in a differentiated manner for women and girls, and can be among the factors leading to the deterioration in their living conditions and the limitation or denial of their human rights. There are circumstances in which racial discrimination affects women in a different way or to a different degree than men and where certain forms of racial discrimination are directed towards women specifically because of their gender. As stated by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its general recommendation No. 25 (2000) on gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination, these include sexual violence including during conflicts, coerced sterilization and the lack of access to remedies and complaint mechanisms for racial discrimination, because of gender-related impediments. 18. Furthermore women and girls often suffer multiple forms of discrimination, including on the basis of race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin and gender. They are regularly more marginalized and discriminated in comparison to men in key areas such as education, public and political life, health, and access to labour markets, and remain particularly vulnerable to trafficking, racial abuse, sexual exploitation and domestic violence. D. Education 19. In stressing the centrality of education in combating all forms of discrimination, the Special Rapporteur on the right to education has noted that education is embedded in the existing values but also helps create new values and attitudes.13 Children enter the education system at an impressionable age and the kind of education they are exposed to shapes the kind of adults and citizens they become. The mere removal of barriers in access 11 12 13 A/HRC/17/40. A/HRC/4/9. E/CN.4/2002/60. 7