A/HRC/51/54 justice. The Working Group’s conversation on the protection of children of African descent occurred in the shadow of several shocking racist and violent acts, including: (a) On 14 May 2022 in Buffalo, New York, United States, an avowed white supremacist shot 13 people in a shop, killing 10 people of African descent and injuring 3 others; (b) On 24 May 2022, at least 26 people were killed in a police raid in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Most of the identified victims were young people of African descent; (c) On 24 May 2022, an 18-year-old armed with a semi-automatic weapon at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, United States, killed 19 children and two adults; (d) On 24 May 2022 in Sergipe, Brazil, a Brazilian man of African descent was tortured and killed by police, who forcibly detained him inside a police vehicle containing a live gas grenade until he died. 60. During the session, the Working Group acknowledged the second anniversary of the murder of George Floyd by police in the United States, which had been courageously filmed by Ms. Frazier, a 17-year-old woman of African descent and which sparked global anti-racism protests. 61. The Working Group concludes that racial discrimination, from the unresolved legacies of trade and trafficking of enslaved Africans and colonialism, post-colonial apartheid and segregation, continues to harm children of African descent. Foundational ideologies of racism towards people of African descent, white supremacy and devalued family bonds have structured legal and social systems around the world. In this regard, a critical aspect of the experience of people of African descent in the global diaspora is supervision and the disruption of family relationships by the white political elite. Families of African descent have been torn apart by legalized separation ever since the global trade in enslaved people and the international agreement that people of African descent, including children, were legally property to be trafficked and sold. This historical dehumanization of people of African descent included sale at auction blocks, systematic rape, forced breeding, inhumane work expectations during and after pregnancy, and criminalization of pregnancy and childbearing. Those inhumane practices have been upheld by racist images and narratives that hypersexualize women of African descent, label them immoral and delegitimize their authority and investments in their own children and families. 62. As the Working Group has observed in multiple States, persistent racial disparities in family interventions, including removal of children and termination of parental rights, often involve racialized decision-making and outcomes. Consistencies and similarities in the targeted regulation of families of African descent across the diaspora spring from a common historical root in the trade and trafficking in enslaved Africans, colonialism and the social construct of race that normalizes ongoing racial atrocities. 63. The common historical roots of the racialized use of discretion in the criminal legal system underlies the systemic racism found in different countries. Historically, the trade and trafficking in enslaved Africans and colonialism exported racial hierarchy and legalized violations of human rights for people of African descent globally. Today, global powers export tactics, laws and machinery of criminal justice that grew from this history as technical assistance to the Global South, yet disregard or deny the systemic racism and entrenched racial disparities in their own legal systems. 64. Throughout the diaspora, children of African descent face heavier policing, including more arrests, police surveillance, racial profiling, strip searches and excessive use of force. They are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system. False, racial stereotypes of criminality, culpability and dangerousness influence decision-making by legal system personnel, including the particularly harmful myth of “superpredator”. Systemic racism is often evident in the contrast between punitive responses experienced by children of African descent and the child-centred responses to the delinquency of white children. 14