A/69/302 14. Other challenges that the Goal framework did not adequately address included tackling climate change, natural disasters and external shocks such as the global financial climate, social exclusion, addressing demographic dynamics, ensuring peace and security and improving governance and the rule of law. B. Current migration trends 15. There are currently more than 232 million migrants. Most originate from developing countries, with 59 per cent settling in developed regions where they make up some 11 per cent of the population. Currently, however, there is a rise in South-South migration, in particular in Asia, which has witnessed an increase of 41 per cent. Consequently, Asia is on track to overtake Europe as the major area hosting the largest number of migrants in the near future. 5 16. Many are still migrating to find decent work and a better or safer life. Some migrants voluntarily move, live and work in conditions in which their labour an d human rights are respected or their family might be reunified. Others, however, are forced to migrate as a result of poverty, discrimination, violence, conflict, political upheaval or poor governance. In the context of natural disasters, migration is increasingly seen as an adaptation measure that develops resilience through planned mobility. During migration, many face exploitation, abuse and other human rights violations. 17. Large-scale migration is inevitable and necessary for the growth and development of a globalized economy that demands global production and a global workforce. Businesses and employers are keen to reduce costs and maximize profits. This frequently comes at a human cost, especially for migrants in an irregular situation who are often constrained by circumstances to perform tasks at whatever financial, physical or even psychological cost (see A/HRC/26/35). States are, in turn, ineffective when it comes to monitoring and sanctioning busine sses that exploit migrants for their cheap labour, often in dirty, difficult and dangerous working conditions. In some sectors, such as agriculture, construction, extraction or hospitality, many workers are migrants in an irregular situation. States are of ten engaged in migration governance discussions and know that some sectors of their economies rely on the exploitation of migrants in an irregular situation who will not complain owing to their residency status, lack of political capital and/or lack of access to justice. 18. In addition, ageing populations have caused a shift in demographics that has led to labour shortages in Italy and Japan, among others. In 2010, for the first time, more workers were retiring from the European labour market than joining it. By 2030, the labour shortage in Europe is likely to rise to 8.3 million workers. By 2020, other large economies, such as Canada, China, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation, will also face similar shortages. 6 To overcome this challenge, employers will have to embrace diversity and rely on recruitment from a global labour force. Migrants of all skill levels will be required for many sectors of the economy. __________________ 5 6 14-59006 United Nations, International Migration Report 2013 (ST/ESA/SER.A/346). Ernst and Young, “Tracking global trends: how six key developments ar e shaping the business world” (2011). Available from www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Tracking_global_trends/ $FILE/Tracking%20global%20trends.pdf. 5/26