CRC/C/HND/CO/3 page 21 Administration of juvenile justice 80. The Committee notes some progress in the implementation of the juvenile justice system, including the establishment of juvenile courts in eight departments. The Committee is concerned at the systematic use of pretrial detention and the steep increase of persons below 18 deprived of their liberty since the adoption of the new anti-maras measures, such as article 332 of the Penal Code, which contemplates the offence of “illicit association”. The Committee is particularly concerned that many children are arrested and detained on the mere allegation that they may belong to a mara because of their appearance, e.g. due to the way of dressing or to the presence of a tattoo or a symbol. The Committee is further concerned about the following: (a) Deprivation of liberty is regularly used due to the lack of an effective system of alternative measures; (b) Bad conditions of detention, despite recent progress, in the centres for children; including overcrowding, lack of medical and psychological services, and lack of sanitation; (c) liberty; Reports of consistent violation of the right to privacy of children deprived of their (d) Decisions depriving children of liberty are neither periodically nor consistently reviewed; (e) According to information received, accused children awaiting trial are not always separated from persons already convicted; (f) The majority of children do not have access to reintegration programmes during or after the period of deprivation of liberty. 81. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure that persons below 18 are not deprived of their liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily, in particular as a consequence of the application of anti-maras measures. It further recommends that the State party take all necessary legislative and other measures, including the abolition of article 332 of the Criminal Code, to prevent criminalization and/or deprivation of liberty of children merely based on their appearance. Pretrial detention should be limited only to certain conditions clearly established by the law, in particular to assure the child’s appearance at the court proceedings and if the child is in immediate danger to self or others. The duration of pretrial detention should be limited by law and be subject to regular review, e.g. every month. The Committee further recommends that the State party: (a) Develop and implement a wide variety of extensive measures alternative to the deprivation of liberty; (b) Ensure that deprivation of liberty is used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;