A/80/181 threaten Indigenous Peoples’ rights, livelihoods and ability to sustain cultural and ecological continuity across borders. 41 2. States’ current responses to international security challenges in Indigenous Peoples’ territories 65. Many major international security challenges involve ancestral territories of Indigenous Peoples; however, States often do not include Indigenous Peoples in their efforts to address these matters. Instead, Indigenous Peoples are ignored, their territories are militarized, and they are considered adversaries. 66. Indigenous Peoples can be ignored in international security discussions. Although Indigenous Peoples’ territories are linked to international security challenges, States have mostly excluded them from security frameworks and policymaking. However, Indigenous Peoples possess traditional knowledge and skills – such as a detailed understanding of their local environments, cultural and spiritual practices, and social structures – that can be critically relevant to international security. Trafficking networks and extremist groups have utilized the knowledge and skills of Indigenous Peoples to expand their activities. By excluding Indigenous Peoples from the design and implementation of security policies, despite their deep knowledge of and connection to these areas, Governments miss an opportunity. The current State centred paradigm of international security fails to see this potential. 67. Security Council resolution 2686 (2023), in which the potential contribution of ethnic, religious and confessional communities and religious leaders to peace and conflict resolution is recognized, does not include any reference to Indigenous Peoples. In the resolution, “relevant stakeholders” are encouraged to speak out against “hate speech and extremism that leads to or exacerbates armed conflict and impedes durable peace and reconciliation”; however, once more, no explicit reference is made to Indigenous Peoples as potential contributors to in ternational security. 68. Similarly, in resolution 79/159, the General Assembly recognizes “the importance of meaningfully engaging Indigenous Peoples in peace agreement negotiations, transitional justice processes, conflict resolution, mediation and constructive arrangements”, but omits them from the international security discussion. 69. States have also addressed international and national security issues on Indigenous Peoples’ territories through militarization, without their consent, notwithstanding article 30 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. As the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples has stated, “militarization of Indigenous People’s territories, rights and resources has been one of the major challenges for the realization of their rights”, 42 and “Indigenous peoples experience pressure from States to host law enforcement and immigration authorities on their lands”. 43 70. In Chile, the Mapuche are reportedly suffering ongoing violations of fundamental rights due to the militarization of their ancestral territory by the Government, including the deployment of heavily armed forces and the renewal of the state of emergency. This situation is restricting their freedom of movement and ability to engage in traditional activities such as fishing and agriculture. 44 __________________ 41 42 43 44 16/21 Ibid., paras. 39 and 55. See also https://big-europe.eu/publications/2025-03-06-greenland-andarctic-geopolitics. A/HRC/54/52, para. 4. A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2/Rev.1, para. 62. See A/HRC/54/NGO/170 and communications CHL 1/2025, CHL 1/2024, CHL 3/2024 and CHL 10/2021. 25-11701