A/79/160 Biological Diversity; 12 the International Organization for Migration; 13 the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; 14 and the United Nations Environment Programme. 15 Recent United Nations initiatives to address the rights of mobile Peoples include the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inscribing the practice of transhumance on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity 16 and the General Assembly declaring 2026 the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists 17 and 2024 the International Year of Camelids. 18 9. Mobile Indigenous Peoples are protected by international law applicable to all Indigenous Peoples, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) of the International Labour Organization (ILO), and other relevant international and regional norms and jurisprudence. Given their unique lifestyle, international standards must be interpreted and applied according to the specific needs of mobile Indigenous Peoples, as reflected in article 14 (1) of ILO Convention No. 169: The rights of ownership and possession of the peoples concerned over the lands which they traditionally occupy shall be recognised. In addition, measures shall be taken in appropriate cases to safeguard the right of the peoples concerned to use lands not exclusively occupied by them, but to which they have traditionally had access for their subsistence and traditional activities. Particular attention shall be paid to the situation of nomadic peoples and shifting cultivators in this respect. 10. The right of transboundary mobile Indigenous Peoples to maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation across borders is protected by article 36 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ILO Convention No. 169 article 32, while article 6 of the Declaration addresses statelessness by affirming the right to nationality. 11. The rights of Indigenous Peoples living in voluntary isolation and initial contact are not specifically addressed in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples or in ILO Convention No. 169. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has, however, developed the Guidelines for the protection of Indigenous Peoples in isolation and initial contact of the Amazon region, Gran Chaco and the eastern region of Paraguay 19 and prepared a summary of a working meeting on the rules of international law relating to the human rights of Indigenous Peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact in the Amazon and Gran Chaco. 20 The Special Rapporteur further detailed the legal framework safeguarding the rights of Indigenous Peoples living in voluntary isolation and initial contact in an amicus curiae __________________ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6/28 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Pastoralism, Nature Conservation and Development: A Good Practice Guide (Montreal, 2010). International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Centre For Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development, “Equipped to adapt? A review of climate hazards and pastoralists’ responses in the IGAD region”, March 2022; IOM and others, Regional Policies and Response to Manage Pastoral Movements within the ECOWAS Region (Abuja, 2019); IOM, Pastoral Mobility in the Context of Climate Change in Mali (Geneva, 2023). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Global Land Outlook: Thematic Report on Rangelands and Pastoralism (Bonn, 2024); and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, decision 26/COP.14. See UNEP/EA.4/Res.15. UNESCO, decision 18.COM 8.b.14. General Assembly resolution 76/253; and https://www.iyrp.info/. General Assembly resolution 72/210. Available at https://acnudh.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/015-Directrices-de-Protecci%C3%B3npara-los-Pueblos-Ind%C3%ADgenas-en-Aislamiento-y-en-Contacto-Inicial-de-la-Regi%C3%B3nAmaz%C3%B3nica-el-Gran-Chaco-y-la-Regi%C3%B3n-Oriental-de-Paraguay.pdf. See A/HRC/39/17/Add.1. 24-13045