A/79/160 pastoralism altogether in favour of wage labour or other economic ventures that may be deemed to be more profitable. 183 89. A lack of support for livestock development and pastoralism is contributing to an increase in poverty among the Maasai. Challenges includes the high prevalence of disease due to decreased mobility of livestock and the depletion of forests that hold livestock medicines, poor disease control, the absence of pro-pastoralist policies, remoteness from markets, poor infrastructure and banditry. 184 Community-based organizations are filling the support gap, leading projects to benefit their communities. For example, the Pilot Light Development Organization (PILIDO), together with other organizations, are enabling Maasai women to own and manage their own grinding mills and receive training in land laws, agriculture, public health and business administration. 185 90. Dynamic Agro-Pastoralist Development Organization, a Ugandan organization, is helping to set up socioeconomic projects and register and demarcate pastoralists ’ lands in Karamoja. 186 South Africa has implemented programmes in national parks to employ the Khoe-San and use their specialized skills. 187 Indian pastoralists engage in reciprocal agreements with farmers to provide fertilizing manure from their livestock in exchange for permission to graze and income. 188 Herders in Argentina create employment and foster local development by producing consumer goods and trading such products as meat, milk, wool fibres and hides. 189 Morocco supports camel herding by drilling wells and establishing portable water stations where camels graze, thereby integrating camel herders into the local economy. 190 VI. Conclusions and recommendations 91. Mobile Indigenous Peoples experience multiple and systemic forms of discrimination and human rights violations on the basis of negative stereotypes about their mobile lifestyles, therefore their rights are often not protected under States’ legal and policy frameworks. 92. Land insecurity remains at the heart of all inequalities for mobile Indigenous Peoples, including their lack of participation in decision-making processes. Increasing their participation not only requires that customary land tenure rights be secured, but also that mobility not be seen as problematic or subject to the control of other land users. Mobile Indigenous Peoples are rarely guaranteed political representation, which makes it difficult for them to engage in decision-making at the national, regional and local levels. Most States have failed to recognize their identity, Indigenous knowledge, governance institutions, legal systems, collective land administration and food systems in constitutions, laws and policies. Barriers to participation in political, social and economic life have a negative impact on mobile Indigenous Peoples’ ability to access basic __________________ 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 24/28 Joint submission from the School of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya, and from the Human Rights programme at the Edinburgh Law School at the University of Edinburgh. See also A/HRC/4/32/Add.3. Pilot Light Development Organization submission. Ibid. World Pastoralist Forum submission. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. International Land Coalition submission. IPAF, NOA – INTA Argentina submission. Permanent Forum side event on mobile Indigenous Peoples and the Dana Declaration, 19 April 2024. 24-13045