A/76/369 addressing structural racial and ethnicity-based discrimination through coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recovery plans. A report was produced to provide guidance to Governments on how to tackle racial discrimination in their COVID -19 recovery efforts. WHO also referred to the training on addressing structural racial and ethnicity-based discrimination and strengthening the protection of minorities and Indigenous peoples’ rights in United Nations programming processes to be delivered in October 2021. In addition, WHO reported on the various initiatives taken by its regional office in the Americas, which has prioritized ethnicity as a cross -cutting theme. Member States of PAHO and WHO have approved the Policy on Ethnicity and Health and have agreed to respect an intercultural approach to health and equitable treatment to indigenous peoples, Afrodescendants, Roma and members of other ethnic groups. The policy has been followed up at the global level and, in 2019, a Strategy and Plan of Action on Ethnicity and Health was approved by all WHO member States. WHO reiterated its continuing support for efforts and initiatives to address racial discrimination, reduce inequalities and bring real change for people. 47. The Association of Reintegration of Crimea expressed its concern s regarding the Russian Federation policy of so-called “countering extremism and terrorism”. It reported limits on education of Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages in Crimea, the ban of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, and the use of hate speech a gainst Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars in Russian official media and Russian -controlled media in Crimea. According to the submission, accusations of extremism are actively used by the Russian Federation authorities to persecute dissenters, in particular Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians who oppose the occupation or belong to ethnic-related religious communities. The authors also alleged that Russian punitive bodies since 2014 actively used “Crimean Self-Defence” and “Crimean Cossacks” squads in Crimea to threaten, torture and kill activists who belong to Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian communities. 48. The International Observatory of Human Rights and Arseh Sevom reported instances of antisemitism, xenophobia and related intolerance against Jews in the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to the submission, there are pro -Nazi groups on State-controlled Internet sites, and social media platforms have often been used to spread antisemitic messages. The submission alleges that messages promoting discrimination, division and exclusion have migrated from Telegram or Facebook to the country’s domestic Internet platforms. It also alleges that, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, hate speech is rampant, often in the form of jokes. According to the submission, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased hate speech against Jews, often associating them with responsibility for the COVID-19 virus and pandemic. 49. The International Observatory of Human Rights and Arseh Sevom have also reported how hate speech and incitement to violence with antisemitic content has expanded transnationally. These organizations referred to the Global Handbook on Hate Speech Laws, which reports that 118 countries have adopted a law on hate speech and 75 do not have a law on this issue. They reported on measures adopted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Germany and the Council of Europe to combat hate speech. They reported that the “No Hate Speech Movement” has mobilized young people in 45 countries to report hate speech and cyberbullyin g to the relevant authorities and on social media channels. The International Observatory and Arseh Sevom also stated that legislation requiring platforms to moderate content must clearly define which content is harmful in order to avoid over censorship. They also expressed concern at the use of artificial intelligence and algorithms in moderating social media content. 50. Just Atonement Inc. expressed its concerns regarding the rise of eco -fascism as a movement that seeks to use growing environmental crises as a justification for forms 12/16 21-13874