34 resulted in preferential licensing and frequency allocations to a large number of minority and indigenous language community radio stations and funding to support their operations. • In Spain, the authorities in Catalonia provide funding and tax concessions to strengthen the presence of the Catalan language in private sector publishing, radio and television. • In Russia, the country’s state broadcaster, VGTRK, and its affiliates broadly follow the proportionality principle. This results in radio and television productions in the regions where speakers of the Tatar language are concentrated in and outside Tatarstan, including in Perm and Tyumen, while smaller minorities generally receive less airtime in proportion to their size and concentration. • Australia and Hungary, which have widely dispersed or much smaller minority languages, have one dedicated national, multicultural and multilingual public television or radio channel which broadcasts to the whole country (SBS in Australia, MR4 in Hungary) on air and online. MR4 broadcasts daily two-hour programmes in the more numerous Croatian, German, Romanian, Serbian and Slovak languages, as well as shorter 30-minute programmes on a weekly basis for the seven smaller linguistic minorities, and a one-hour programme five days a week for the Roma. These programmes in all 13 languages are also accessible online. • Where a country’s population is largely bilingual, public radio or television broadcasting can be simultaneously translated, or have both languages used interchangeably in the same programme, as is done occasionally in Cameroon, the Seychelles or Mauritius. 4.7 Linguistic Rights in Private Activities What should be done? The use of any minority language in all private activities must be guaranteed, whether economic, social, political, cultural or religious, including when this occurs in public view or locations. Why it should be done Individual liberty in the private sphere, including in the language used, is a basic characteristic of free and democratic societies. It follows that – barring exceptional, strictly limited, circumstances as circumscribed by law – the ability to use minority languages for private activities must be guaranteed. On what legally binding and other basis? • Arts 19, 26 & 27, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (United Nations) • Art. 5(d)(8) & (9), International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (United Nations) • Arts 13 & 30, Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations) • Arts 14 + 10, 14 + 11, European Convention on Human Rights (Council of Europe) • Art. 10(1), Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Council of Europe) • Art. 2, Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (United Nations) • Recs 4, 6, 8, 12, Oslo Recommendations regarding the Linguistic Rights of National Minorities (OSCE)