A/74/253 information provides that, if information detected on a telecommunications network calls for extremist activities, including incitement to racial or rel igious discord, once a claim has been made the federal executive body responsible for mass media must take action to limit access to and restrict the spread of this information. 31. The Government stated that education of youth is a key element of preventing the spread of extremist ideologies. The Government reported that it had adopted several policies in that regard, including the Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation: 2016–2020 programme. The Government further reported that it wishes to pay greater attention to youth in order to preserve and transmit historical memory as well as the truths about the Second World War. It also emphasized the importance of promoting inter-ethnic and interfaith harmony among youth. III. Issue in focus: anti-Semitic violence and related acts of racism and intolerance A. Upsurge of anti-Semitism in Europe and North America 32. The Special Rapporteur expresses grave concern at the alarming rise of anti-Semitism, especially in Europe and North America. Anti-Semitism is not a new phenomenon, but in her report submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 72/156, the Special Rapporteur noted with concern alarming increases in anti-Semitic incidents tied to neo-Nazi groups and affiliated white supremacist and white nationalist groups (A/HRC/38/53, paras. 16–21). 33. Contemporary right-wing populist anti-Semitic rhetoric has its roots in some of the oldest traditions of hatred found in Europe. The long-standing stereotype of Jews as disloyal to nations/States intensified in the nineteenth century in Europe, setting the stage for the horrors of the early twentieth century. Anti -Semitic conspiracy theories about Jewish power and worldwide economic and political manipulation remain a concern in Europe and other parts of the world, in some contexts exacerbated by national economic anxieties fuelled by the failure of government policy. 1 34. Numerous studies indicate that anti-Semitism connected with right-wing populism in different regions of Europe is not uniform and does not share defined characteristics. 2 The interplay among different histories related to Jews in Eastern, Central and Western Europe, and other national specifics such as political system, culture and economic conditions determines in part the position of right -wing populist parties on anti-Semitism. 3 Nonetheless, there are similarities in the ways right-wing populists capitalize on anti-Semitism. As blatant anti-Semitic discourse has been discarded from the public sphere and mainstream politics, contemporary anti-Semitism appears in stereotypes, language choices or jokes and insults in the public debates and speeches of right-wing populist parties. 4 In France, the right-wing populist party the National Rally, known as the National Front until June 2018, __________________ 1 2 3 4 19-12969 Ruth Wodak, “The radical right and anti-Semitism”, in The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, Jens Rydgren, ed. (New York, Oxford University Press, 2018); Gervase Phillips, “Anti-Semitism: how the origins of history’s oldest hatred still hold sway today” (discussing the historical roots of anti-Semitism and the revival of stereotypes of Jews), available at https://antisemitism.org.il/en/145847/. Thomas Greven, “The rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the United States” (Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2016); see also Wodak, “The radical right and anti-Semitism”. Wodak, “The radical right and anti-Semitism”, p. 9. Ruth Wodak and John E. Richardson, eds., Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text (London, Routledge, 2013); see also Olaf Glöckner and Haim Fireberg, eds., Being Jewish in 21st Century Germany (Berlin, Degruyter, 2015). 9/19